Parametric and equilibrium studies of Methylene blue removal by adsorbents: Crude and modified Sorghum stems-based
Keywords:
Methylene blue; Sorghum; Adsorption; Hydrochar; Kinetic; Isotherm.Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the removal of Methylene Blue ‘MB’, a cationic dye, using adsorbents in their raw state 'R-S,' those chemically activated with KOH 'KOH-S,' and those produced via hydrothermal carbonization 'HC-S' (hydrochar). Sorghum fibers were employed as a lignocellulosic precursor to fabricate these adsorbents. Batch adsorption tests were carried out under different conditions, including: adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time and initial MB concentration. Furthermore, we studied adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The results obtained demonstrate that MB removal rates consistently exceeded 90 %. Furthermore, the pseudo-second order kinetic model exhibited excellent accord with the experimental data of the developed adsorbents. Regarding the selection of the MB adsorption isotherm model, our results indicate that the Langmuir model is the most suitable for describing adsorbents R-S and KOH-S. Conversely, the both models (Langmuir and Freundlich) are appropiate for the MB adsorption process by HC-S. According to the Langmuir model, the adsorption capacities were determined to be 25.265, 31.545, and 47.619 mg/g for R-S, KOH-S, and HC-S, respectively.
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